Mehmet Egirgen

carve up STRUCTURE THE THREE PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH 1. TOPIC SENTENCE States the briny idea of the split up. It limits the division to one specialized argona that potentiometer be discussed comp allowely in the space of a single dissever. It has two parts a) Topic b) Controlling idea. e. g. Driving on free shipway requires skills and alertness. Topic domineering idea Registering for college classes can be a prevent experience for new students. Topic controlling idea Gold, a curious metal, is prized for two grave characteristics.Topic controlling idea 2. SUPPORTING SENTENCES develop the topic execration. They explain or prove the topic meter by swelled more schooling intimately it. e. g. First of all, gilt has a glistening beauty that is resistant to corrosion. For example, a Macedonian cash remains as untarnished today as the day it was make 25 centuries ago. 3. terminal SENTENCE signals the end of the divide and leaves the referee with significant points to reme mber. e. g. In conclusion, gold is trea for certaind not only for its beauty but also its utility.HOW TO print GOOD TOPIC SENTENCES 1. It moldiness be a complete sentence. 2. It must contain both the topic and the controlling idea. 3. A topic sentence is the virtually general sentence in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea. It doesnt give specific details. A reader complimentss to know broadly what to expect in a paragraph, but they dont want to learn all the details in the first sentence. a) A lunar eclipse is an omen of a coming disaster. ______ as well as specific. _____ b) Superstitions have been around forever. ______ too general_______ c) People hold m either superstitious beliefs just approximately the moon. ___ best TS______ d) Is made of green cheese. _____ incomplete_____ Now, its your turn a) The history of astronomy is interesting. ___________ b) Ice get on people recorded the appearance of new moons by making scratches ___________ in animal bones. c) For example, Stonehenge in Britain, built 3500 years ago to track the ___________ movements of the sun. d) superannuated people observed and recorded lunar and solar events in different___________ ways. ********************************************************* a) It is baffling to know which foods be safe to eat nowadays. __________ b) In around full- size ocean look for, at that place atomic human body 18 high levels of mercury. ___________ c) Undercooked chickens and hamburger whitethorn place E. coli bacteria. ___________ d) Not to mention mad cow disease. ___________ e) Food safety is an important issue. ___________ Writing topic sentences Read the paragraphs below. The topic sentence of from each one paragraph has been omitted. Try to write a suitable topic sentence for each paragraph. ______________________________________. In Beijing, China, people own over 7 trillion bicycles. In cities in Denmark, between 20 and 30 percent of daily trips be made on bicycle s.In many Asian cities, bicycle-like vehicles called rickshaws carry between 10 and 20 percent of the goods moved daily. In Africa, the bicycle is the most greens way of traveling intermediate distances. In Iran, too, bicycles are the primary means of transportation in such cities as Yazd and Kerman. ____________________________________. The earliest known examples of wheels are from Mesopotamia. It dates from about 3500 to 3000 BC. Wheels were first used in the cart or wagon, pulled by humans or animals. After the invention of the steam engine, wheels were driven by steam. Today, animal-drawn carts re clam up used in many countries. The horse-drawn chariot appeared in Mesopotamia around 2000 BC. It was later used in Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, and other superannuated civilizations. _________________________________________. Water is often drawn from rivers, lakes, or the ocean for use in factories and power countersinks. This water is usually returned to the source warmer tha n when it was taken. This small temperature deviate in the body of water can drive away the fish and other animals that were originally present. It attracts other animals in place of them. The result may be fish and other wildlife deaths. ____________________________________. The United Nations (UN) estimates that the world population reached 6 billion in 1999, and is increasing by more than 77 million persons each year. The rate of increase, 1. 3 percent per year, has go below the bang rate of 2 percent per year attained by 1970. By the late 2040s, the UN estimates, the growth rate allow for have fallen to about 0. 64 percent annually. At that time more than 50 countries will experience negative growth. __________________________________________. The worlds heaviest rainfall is about 10,922 mm per year. It occurs in north India.As much as 26,466 mm, or 26 m, of rain have fallen there in one year. Other extreme rainfall records admit nearly 1168 mm of rain in one day during a typhoon in Philippines 304. 8 mm within one hour during a thunderstorm in Missouri and 62. 7 mm in over a 5-min period in Panama. HOW TO economize SUPPORTING SENTENCES The biggest problem in student writing is that student writers often fail to support their ideas adequately. They pack to use specific details to be thorough and convincing. There are several kinds of specific backup details examples, statistics, and quotations. Sample paragraphHOW TO WRITE CONCLUDING SENTENCES A conclude sentence serves two purposes 1. It signals the end of the paragraph. 2. It leaves the reader with the most important ideas to remember. It can do this in two ways a) By summarizing the main points of the paragraph. b) By repeating the topic sentence in different ways. You may start your concluding sentence with one of those signals End-of-paragraph signals followed by a comma End-of-paragraph signals not followed by a comma Finally, Lastly, In brief, Therefore, Thus, Indeed, To sum up.In conclusi on,In short, The evidence suggests that. There can be no discredit that These examples show that We can see that . Now its your turn. make unnecessary concluding sentences for the follwing paragraps **************************************************************************** Read the two paragraphs below and answer the questions that follow each paragraph PARAGRAPH 1 To be able to make good coffee, you should be aware of some delicate points. First, it is very important to make certainly that the pot in which you want to make coffee is clean. Dust can make your coffee bad.Second, pour some clean water into the pot, and let it boil. When the water boils, remove the pot from the stove and let it remain still for a few seconds. Next, pour some flash coffee into a cup and fill the cup with water from the pot. The Lavazza brand is the best instant coffee on the market. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph? What are the controlling ideas in the topic sentence? hatful them. are all the supporting sentences relate to the topic sentence? argon any of the sentences indirectly related to the topic sentence? Are there any sentences that do not extend?PARAGRAPH 2 An angel husband has several characteristics. First, he must be gentle. Second, he must come from a secure family. Moreover, he must be an honest man who always tells the legality and never cheats his wife. Loyalty is another important point in an ideal husband. Finally, he must be in an acceptable financial situation. only girls like to live in their husbands personal house, go to work in their husbands personal car, and have fun with their husbands money. What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph? What are the controlling ideas in the topic sentence?Circle them. Are all the supporting sentences related to the topic sentence? Are any of the sentences indirectly related to the topic sentence? Are there any sentences that dont belong? Why dont they fit? THE OUTLINE The outline gives yo u a general plan for your paragraph. It will tell you what points you should include in your paragraph. There are two types of outlines topic outline, and sentence outline. In topic outlines, you use phrases later each head number. In sentence outlines, however, you use complete sentences after(prenominal) each head number.The outline belowthe plays of Shakespeareis a topic outline. As you can see, only words or phrases have been used in this outline. Notice that in writing courses, topic outlines are often like over sentence outlines. Developing the skill of outlining is a good uphold for any beginner. Outlining can give you a general plan, a platform, an emblem, or a blueprint. You can then use your outline to give system of rules to your paragraphs. Suppose that you are asked to write about Shakespeare. Shakespeare will be the government issue of your writing.Now, it is for you to decide what to write about Shakespeare. You may decide to write about the plays of Shakespeare . This will be the topic of your paragraph. You should then narrow this topic by a number of controlling ideas. Suppose that you decide to write about three types of Shakespeares plays. You have limited your topic in terms of number and type. Now you can make the next outline The plays of Shakespeare I. Tragedies A. Macbeth B. Othello II. Comedies A. The comedy of errors B. The merchandiser of Venice III. Histories A. Richard II B. Henry VThis outline can then be expand into the spare-time activity paragraph The plays of Shakespeare can be classified into three types. First, there are the tragedies. Two of his most famous tragedies are Macbeth and Othello. Shakespeare has also scripted a number of comedies. Shakespeares most outstanding comedies are The comedy of errors and The merchandiser of Venice. Moreover, some of Shakespeares plays focus on history. Richard II and Henry V belong in this category. EXERCISE 1. Read the following paragraph carefully, and 1. Underline the topi c. 2. Circle the controlling ideas. . Write an outline for the paragraph. Forests may be divided into the following six general types. First, there are the forests of the hot areas. The famous subtypes are the forests of the northern hemisphere and the oceanic forests. Second, monsoon forests are characteristic of Bengal, Myanmar, Southeast Asia, and India. equatorial forests, on the other hand, are found in regions such as the Campos of Brazil. The next categoryNorthern pine forestsform a worldwide belt around the earth. Next, rain forests are characteristic of central Africa and the Amazon.Finally, semi-evergreen forests are found in North America and the Caribbean islands. 2. Write a unified paragraph on the basis of the information you get from the following outline. Types of trees I. Fruit trees A. Fleshy fruits 1. Orange 2. Apple B. Dry fruits 1. Nuts 2. almond II. Fruitless tress A. Pine B. Oak STEPS OF WRITING A GOOD PARAGRAPH On the whole, there are eight stairs for wri ting a good paragraph. 1. Think about the subject carefully. showcase tenor defilement 2. Narrow the subject to a few topics. recitation Causes of air pollution Effects of air pollution Air pollution and the environmentAir pollution versus water pollution The history of air pollution Air pollution and global warming 3. Choose one of the topics. Make sure you know about what you write. Also, make sure the topic will be of interest to the readers. Example effects of Air pollution 4. List some details about your topic. Example Effects of air pollution on animal life Effects of air pollution on plant life Effects of air pollution on human health Effects of air pollution on atmosphere 5. Choose the most important detail you want to communicate. It should be interesting or important to the readers too.Example The effects of air pollution on human health 6. Write a topic sentence based on this detail. Include a few controlling ideas in the topic sentence to limit the size of your parag raph. Example Air pollution has two major effects on human health. 7. Make an outline for the paragraph. Effects of air pollution on human health I. Physical effects A. Heart attack B. Lung crabmeat II. Psychological effects A. Depression B. irritation 8. Write your paragraph, using the information you have listed in the outline. EXERCISE 1. Choose one of the following subjects coin airplane shark sea . Follow the eight steps of paragraph writing and develop a paragraph. Then read your own paragraph and try to answer these questions 1. Is my paragraph unified? 2. Is it complete? 3. Which sentence is the most general? 4. Which sentences provide specific details to support the topic sentence? 5. Are any sentences unrelated to the topic sentence? 6. Is my paragraph sketchy? 7. What are the controlling ideas of my topic sentence? 8. Is my paragraph interesting? 9. Are my supporting sentences related to my topic sentence? 10. Is there any foreign supporting sentence in my paragraph?