Art and the Emergence of Darwinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and the Emergence of Darwinism - Essay ExampleAlthough the ideas of Darwinism were brought up in a deeply apparitional environment, it came to coexist side by side with the religious community. In fact, Darwinism might have been the reason lav the increase in European missionary activities non only in Africa but in Asia, because it whitethorn have given rise to the belief that since the Europeans were surpassing, then their religion must also be superior (Rose 297). The idea of European supremacy took hold in Europe and it emerged in the literature that was written in that period where Europeans featured as heroes while members of other races were perceived to be the villains or inferior in both physique and intellect (Day 59). Such writings continued to have an influence on the perceptions of not only the Europeans themselves, but also on the members of the other racial groups. Therefore, it can be said that Darwins theory came to influence the society of the nineteenth cent ury and has continued to do so even

Zillow Revolution in Realty Estate Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zillow Revolution in Realty Estate - Case Study ExampleZillow has 2.3% commercialise shares with 4 million visitors per month. It uses Web 2.0 business model of Google and Network Television. Zillow makes money by the way of selling eyeballs and not by selling fundaments to buyers. On July 18th, 2006, Zillow landed a big deal with Yahoo to serve as a data point on Yahoos real estate and search sites.www.crunchbase.com Moreover, Legg Mason Capital management has invested $30 Millions in Zillow.com towards expansion of staff of 155 employees which includes 20 person national advertising sales team. In addition to Legg Mason, other institutions that prepare invested in Zillow.com are put down in the next table.From the above table it is evident that the corporate companies at a huge level are perpetually funded Zillow.com. Zillow has stated that it is a media company and generates revenue from online advertising however, it also holds real estate brokerage licenses in certain sta tes. With such huge amount of funding, zillow has launched new features like Neighbourhoods, Discussions, and Personalized Home Page to cling to social network to catch up with Trulia.It is evident from the above data that most of the online realtors are completed much before than Zillow. Founded in 1973, Zillow gives a stiff competition to Realtor.com, whereas others are marginal ahead or behind. Just within a span of year, Zillow has been ranked 669th website most visited by the US citizens. Whereas, RE/ exclusive which has been founded much before Zillow is lagging behind at 740th whereas Trulia which started in 2005 is ranked at 1,160. Zillow captures eyeballs through advertisements for its earnings, which has do it successful in just 18 months from its launching period, has got 4.4 million unique users in the country, by wondrous 2007. http//moneycentral.msn.comZillow competes with Trulia, HomeGain, HouseValues, PropertyShark.com, RealEstate.com, Redfin, and others. It can be said that Zillow is facing competition from Google too. Because Google has the best keyword search, while latter has home search. Google is expression to solve the problems of local search, vertical search and individualise search. Zillow is the answer to local search, vertical search and personalized search. Real estate agents, who are concerned that their role may be diminished as more(prenominal) people rely on Zillow, statethat the site does not give an accurate reflection and that other factors mustiness be taken into consideration in buying or selling a home. Realtors with specific market knowledge are more likely to know specific factors affecting the sale of a home such as the overall condition of the home, domestic issues such as divorce, job transfer pressures. Consumers have continued to rapidly change their behavior in the last 5

Green Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Green selling - Term Paper ExampleThe assumed obvious of green marketing is where by customers who argon potential difference will look into products or services as a way to benefit and basing their buying decisions accordingly. With the non so obvious when discussing about green marking is when willingness to pay more of what you are supposed to products which are green alternative comparable product the assumption in which my opinion has not looked at virtually and proven. While green marketing is rapidly growing as numbers continue to increase of customer and willing to back their consciousnesses environmentally with their loaded pockets, it will be however dangerous. The communities are skeptical in the sense that green claims and companies would seriously damage their brands and their sales. Sam Walton in the year 1990 had promised that the company by the attain of Wal Mart would reward the company Proctor and Gamble with unique shelf talkers if they however approve to the ir products that had greener features. When they responded, Wal-Marts soon from its shelves were emblazoned with all kinds of reports of the greener features of different products that include bogus ones such as household paper towels where at that place was the cycled content of the core of the card board but not the paper towels. Activities environmentally called the efforts a postiche with two counts the along the two features has been there, so no true process was made, and the green feature strawman necessary didnt mean a product was overall green. In variation this example could apparent be unintentional, green washing case but it set a new standard of eco-communications development firmly rooted genuinely and with transparency. With green awakening in a mainstream which is squarely in which legion(predicate) companies cater for new eco-awareness users by launching services and products, intentionally or whether not is legitimately less(prenominal) green. The most popul ar this activity is green washing. Toast by environmentalist to criticize hotels that progress visitors to recycle towel by reusing them for environmental reasons but however not done any effort to encourage to recycle waste, green washing accusations can emanate from various places including the media, consumers, competitors, environmentalists an it can be long dogged , serious , and detrimentally big to a reputation of a brand. In the aspect planned in devising headlines and discovering an example for every person to heed, advocates target the trusted and influential companies. For BP as company it original an avalanche of critics when launching its Beyond Petroleum campaign worth an estimate of about $200 making its commitment to renew energy which was therefore a fact a 1 percent represent of sales globally and in that criticism it was gathered or compounded in the Gulf of Mexico by the oil spill. When trying to be a solution provider for green lifestyle market coat depor t to be looked upon by exactly knowing our size of the market we cannot have a distinct count of how much money we could make and trust me no investor whatsoever would be interested. In doing thios we have to be able to first of all define green and then look at every products aspect and then make a decision if there is green product potential or a green product. In every possible categories there are green possibilities, the procedure of size of it market of green products was looking at exact industry and figure out the size and if or not a green product is up in there shown . I have speak to

Emerson calls for the emergence of an American poetics Essay

Emerson calls for the subject of an American poetics - Essay ExampleIn what ways does William Cullen Bryant move away from imitating British poetry and consider American themes? In what ways does he play by the familiar rules of the epic tradition? In The Prairies, Bryant can be felt to exude the poet-function which Emerson necessitates by rendering his literary work converge to a transcendentalist perspective. Though it is conspicuous in depicting the nature of nature or the way nature is in its downright truth, The Prairies brings about discernment of a kind of spirituality attached with nature which essentially surpasses the clear drawing of relevant sentiments toward its physical attributes. Similarly, Bryant emerges to possess a level of authenticity according to the standards set by Emerson for the American poetics based on his poems strong sense of individuality which is a regular element in American themes upon almost every form of American literature. As such, Bryant pro jects an open learning ability capable of sensibly resonating back to the reader the deeper essence of The Prairies which establishes its identity after the poets droll insight.

Marlboro Cigarettes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marlboro Cigarettes - Research Paper ExampleSince the company was able to successfully establish a unafraid cigarette brand, a lot of cigarette smokers are patronizing the brand regardless of gender, race, friendly status, and nationality (Philip Morris USA, 2012). Despite the serious economic slow growth in the United States, smokers continue to purchase Marlboro cigarettes in exchange for a premium price (Waldemer, 2012). In line with this, this distinguishicular market research field of battle will focus on determining the significance of having a strong brand with the continuous sponsor of its customers to the brand. Purpose of the Research Study Conducting a market research project is a significant part of a successful marketing study (Caporella, 2012 Hamel, 2012). For this reason, this research study will purposely design a research survey questionnaire that uses open-ended, closed-ended, scaled responses (i.e. nominal scales, ordinal scales, interval scales, and ratio sca les) that will enable the researcher gather primary research data that could help us determine the significance of having a strong brand on the continuous patronage of PM USA on Marlboro brand. After executing a real-life marketing research study, the student is expected to make use of unlimited charts, graphs, and tables when presenting the research survey results. paradox Statement This study will attempt to identify different variables and/or other marketing dimensions that guide to the

Uses of calculus in business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Uses of calculus in business - Research Paper ExampleResearchers drive home indicated that calculus is one of the modern facets of mathematics that has been effectively used to assess certain changes or gain at certain decisions in the current business world.The use of directives to calculate certain aspects of business has been evident in various ways. People engaged in undertaking real estate business start out applied the concept of derivatives in calculus to determine their overall income for instanceIf a land owner with a complex apartment with 250 houses, each house rented on a monthly rate of y. How umteen houses should the owner of the apartment rent in order to ensure that he maximizes his income?The main concern in this case is to maximize the income by determining the number of maximum houses to be rented meaning y ranges amongst 0 and 250 whereby 0 y 250. In order to determine the solution, it is important to determine deprecative points that take place between 0 and 250. ThereforeOwing to the fact that the profit function is in a incessant dimension, the maximum value crowd out be attained by plugging in the already identified critical value which is 200 at the end point existing in the range as followsOn the other hand, differentiation has also been used to perform various business activities in the contemporary monastic order for example it has been widely used to calculate the maximum sizes of packaging materials with a few known dimensions opus missing other important dimensions. A real example of the application of differentiation has been evident i.e. in a scenario where a sales person wants to determine the maximum size of a packaging misfortune with a known length= x and known width= y, but without a known height. This can be arrived at

Winchester Model 1873 carbine .44cal Research Paper

Winchester Model 1873 carbine .44cal - look Paper ExampleThe present study will describe the features of the Winchester Rifle model 1873 carbine .44 caliber. It will refresh and rediscover how such bare model had been historically found with the classification who, where and when it was originally made. Moreover, the present paper would like to dwell more on its functions and how it is intended to use for. In addition, this paper will value its features and its historical background.The shape of the rifle model is medium. The physical of the .44 caliber rifle model is brown that is someways rusty. The texture itself is solid, which is wood and steel part. Chicoine indicated some physical features the Winchester Rifle model 1873 carbine .44 caliber has which includes the tubelike snip that is used for the barrel and an ironframe that is used as a casing for the bullets (16). The current condition of the said artifact rifle model 1873 is great, and it is still very effectively fu nctional.The Winchester model rifle 1873 .44 caliber was made and publicize last 1878-1879 (Chicoine 16). This rifle is also intended for the purpose of ones safety and defense guard (Schwing, Winchester Pocket Guide 19). The manufacturing techniques of the Winchester Model based on how it was made and designed with the emphasis on its barrel, butt, and furniture that it shaped its unique features with the use of iron that is said to be ferrous (Jack). It also has musket form in which its barrel is round-shaped (House). Henshaw clearly depicted the general features or materials that are used to made the Winchester model rifle 1873 .44 caliber (15). Accordingly, this includes its style, which was intended with the sporting rifle (24 inch, round, octagon) and with muskets that are angular or saber bayonet (15). In addition, its carbine measured at least 20-inch and is round with a musket that is

Reading notes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Reading notes - Essay poserAll he wants is to lure Florinda so that he can bed her. However, Florinda is not ready for that. He then tries to rape her, but Belvile appears. That stops the sexual abuse, but Willmore discourages Florinda from reporting the matter to the police. He blames the sweetheart of Florinda for his sexual arousal and provocation (Scene 3, ln 42-44).Some of the other characters think of Willmore as a rapist and a liar. Florinda and Belvile think that he is a pretender and a rapist when he attempts to rape Florinda. He is an opportunist. He takes the advantage of the serene environ at the garden when Florinda is alone. He is like stark(a) in that Blunt vows to rape and defile Florinda. He argues that it will be revenge for the charm that the women use to the men through and through their irresistible beauties (Scene 4.5, ln 48-51). He is a contrast to other characters such as Pedro, who believe in par and the fight against violence on

Green communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

commonalty communication - Assignment Examplethers, thus saving on the resources (which be primarily power and alter costs at the data center) that would take hold been required to maintain all the servers. Moreover, virtualization will reduce the operate and capital costs for the university, while still delivering high application ability.The implementation of solid state disks (SSD) is withal a path for going green in data storage. Since SSDs argon fixed and do non have movable parts, they ar not susceptible to damage or shock like the tralatitious hard drive. Moreover, they offer cost savings since they have a lower energy productivity and high efficiency.The university deal also employ the use of massive array of idle disks, abbreviated as MAIDS. MAIDS are advantageous over the traditional storage methods in that they tend to have a relatively bigger storage capacity over their counterparts. Furthermore, they have lower power consumption than tapes and hard drives. All these attributes bespeak to saving on resources, which is the key to a green environment.A green data center can be defined as the repository management, dissemination and storage of data in which the ashess (lighting, mechanical and electrical) are designed for minimum environmental impact and maximum energy efficiency (Greentechmedia.com, 2015). Green data centers are environmental conscious have lower carbon footprints and operate at lower power levels, so reducing both capital and operating cost for an organization.The university can ensure that the data center is environmental friendly by minimizing power constraints. This can be achieved by locating the servers to areas that power is cheaper through server virtualization. Furthermore, the university can monitor the individual power consumption of the devices that it has and determine what should be changed (Technet.microsoft.com, 2015). Green data centers should have efficient lighting, like LEDs, that can reduce the power consumption by 80%. The cooling system should be as

Health Care Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Health Care Reform - search Paper ExampleDespite the federal g everyplacenment having some state-supported funds to compensate the public on sickness and death, there lacked public programs and legislations that would facilitate the realization of these efforts by the government. The raising concerns of wage pass were because of failure to be paid in the event of illness. This led to the introduction of insurance schemes (sickness funds) to cover against pass of reward due to illnesses by workers. There arose evolutionist remediateers in the progressive era of the early 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate whose motives were to address social concerns especially for the working group (Palmer para 4-5). The efforts of the reformers received heavy(p) support by the government of Roosevelt who equally highly esteemed the health of the people. The early period of the century, saw combined efforts by the AMA (American Medical Association) and the AALL (American Association of Labor L egislation) design and formulate legislations and health make out bills that were meant for effecting the universal availableness of health care to the U.S citizens. Shortly after these moves, the reformers introduced the concept of cost of illness as against concentrating on the lost wages through which they brought about the concept of sickness insurance. Health sector regulations were not left behind as well in the reforms with the end of not bad(p) depression (1935) marking the introduction of social security act. The great depression had serious implication to every American as well as the various departments such as the health care sector with general low finances in circulation within the intact economy. This therefore encouraged the insurance sector to introduce the medical covers through which medical expenses to the public would be easily met. Latter on some employers took to their role to erect health care to their employee, which equally marked great steps. By the mid century, over two thirds of the U.S citizens enjoyed some form of medical coverage over the private insurance schemes. However, the achievement of compulsory national health insurance as were the efforts of the reformers failed due to the face-off that resulted from the doctors, business, insurance sector as well as some labor groups. However, by the year 1965, great steps had been taken within the sector and there was assenting to the legislation to universal health care in the United States (Palmer para 16-20). According to a brief by the Maine Health Access cosmos, the goal thirty years have seen great efforts by the state government to improve on the accessibility of health care support through insurance especially to the uninsured (Maine Health Access Foundation 3). The states have undertaken multiple roles in the health care provision system of America by inspection and repair as a regulator, administrator and a purchaser among other roles. The comprehensive health car e reform has been a great phenomenon to be implemented within many of the U.S states. The guiding factor to these notable reforms has been to provide universal, quality and affordable services in health care to all her citizens. Therefore, individual states have been trustworthy in developing and adopting health care policies, which in common are seen to have focused frequently on expanded Medicare coverage (Maine Health Acc

MGT CHECKPOINT W3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGT CHECKPOINT W3 - Essay ExampleFor the format, I would want to take each objective at a time and give a list of things Kim is preparedness to do, that will make that goal achievable. For example, champion of the departmental goals is to increase sales by 10% this fiscal year, what actions would Kim take to give the company 10% increase in sales.If I were Kim, I would use the following framework. First, determine the action framework. Here, questions like, what must be done, why must it be done, when should it be done, who should do it, where should it be done and how should it be done be answered. Secondly, a brilliant plan must have a contingency plan or a back up, which gets the supervisor prepared if something goes wrong. Thirdly, in his plan to achieve objectives, a supervisor must be in line with the existing policies, procedures, rules of a company. The last issue and most remarkable thing for precondition in planning are budgeting, where the initial proposal of a budget is vested on a supervisor.I do not think that Kims initial reaction to the planning make for is unusual. Planning process is a complex subject, and without proper guidelines, one may not perform well. Kim despite working in this company for seven years as a sales specialist was not familiar with the planning

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

selling - Essay ExampleThe framework of the yield breeding cycle assists in managing a carre cardinal done the processes involved from birth to its demise. It is possible to look at the product life cycle in the counselling of a product, as providing the guidelines that a good p arent would like to have in the bringing up of a baby and sending it out face the challenges of a competitive world and providing input to concern these challenges. However in recent times the validity of the relevance of the product life cycle to the upstart marketers is facing a challenge.Groucutt, 2005, p. 198, suggests that the product life cycle may be taken as a concept that is used to predict the strategic needs associated with products as they age within the market place. It allows for the ontogenesis of strategies appropriate to the life cycle stage and anticipate the need for changes in strategy as advancement from one stage to another occurs (1).Even though the origins of the product life cycle concept are rooted in economic theory as shown by Schumpeter in 1934, the credit of the origin of the product life cycle is normally attributed to Dean in 1950. It was however Levitt, T., who popularized the product life cycle concept from the early to the mid-1960s, from where it came to be an established framework to assist in the analysis of the product portfolio of an organization. (1).The theory idler the product life cycle was presented in a simple manner by Kotler in 1967 as a classical model in marketing management for the explanation of the life of a product in the market. The classical model of the product life cycle is an S shaped curve, as seen in Figure -1 consisting of four stages namely the introduction phase, the growth phase, the maturity date phase and the decline phase, showing the four stages of a product in a market. A saturation element was later added on to the maturity phase making the third phase consist of maturity and saturation. The classical mo del of the product life

Heartsaver EAD Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heartsaver EAD - Personal Statement theoretical accountMy goals in taking this training were to learn basic carriagesaving skills. These included CPR techniques for both adults and children, using breastwork devices to conduct CPR, and how to stop individual from choking. I also wished to learn the signs of severe medical emergencies such as cardiac arrest, choking, heart attack, and stroke. I also wanted to learn about the Heartsaver AED, which is also known as an automated external defibrillator. I learned that it delivers a shock to the heart and can save the life of someone who is suffering from a heart attack, as well as learning how to use it. I wanted to be fully prepared to use the device in case I am ever in a situation where someones life around me depends on it. Also, I wanted to assault my CPR skills. Learning these things was, to me, a way to show my community that I care about their condom and health and want to do my part to help protect it.It is difficult to pic k a ruler or two that stands out from the others, because they are all equally important to me. It does not matter if a person is having a heart attack or if they are choking they still need someone fully trained to step in and save their life. I liked this course since I make that it taught me first aid on the four major life-threatening emergencies.ReferencesHeartsaver AED. (2008). American Heart Association. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from

Inputs of Industrial Services of America Research Paper

Inputs of industrial Services of America - Research Paper ExampleBesides, all these essentials are interconnected. As such, they must bring unitedly, and a change in one must result in the subsequent change in rest, for the model to be effective (Burke, 2010). According to the pioneers of the model, the first input of an giving medication is the environment. This entails the external factors of an organization, having profound implications on a firms ultimate achievement. The model deems the environment transformation to be having a significant compulsion to an organizations definitive transformation (Burke, 2010). The model is anchored in the principle that the organization is an exculpated structure, where the outside surroundings have significant impacts on its subsystems. Additionally, the firm ought to apply environment change to check the changes within an organization. The next input of the model is resources. According to Nadler and Tushman, an organization acquires inp uts from within and externally to the firm, and then changes them into issues. The output may comprise of the firms actions, performance, as well as its behavior. Additionally, these occur at the individual, group, and nutritious stage. As such, if an organization is performing below the round objectives, it ought to review its resources. These resources may include capital and information, along with others (Burke, 2010). A firms history is also essential for the success of a firm. Various firms intimately rely on their history for success. Companies with well-known products usually possess a niche over their rivals. However, a firms history may be detrimental to their objective achievement, since their competitors may use it to their advantage. This may be through counterfeit and... Various organizations face numerous crises in their endeavor to attain their set objectives. Therefore, there is a dire need for organizational transformation in order to keep these organizations on track and realize their initial purpose.Various organization experts have developed models to aid organizations in implementing organizational transformation. Nadler and Tushman together pioneered in the development of an Organization Diagnosis model identified as Nadler-Tushman Congruence model. This model is helpful, since firms betroth it in improving an organizations efficiency, and consequently, promoting the revenue accrual. The model also aids in find the consequences of transforming an organization. Besides, it is critical to assess the nature and intensity of the predicaments an organization encounters prior to employing the model. The model also highlights the consequence of evaluating an organization before implementing changes in an organization. Besides, approaches of organizational modification that worked elsewhere may not work within some other organization. This has been the case of many organizations, where a new management staff employs an organization plan that worked in their sooner firms. This produces devastating results, since the predicaments facing their new company are dissimilar to the ones facing their former companies. Organizations encounter some(prenominal) challenges in their pursuit of set goals. These challenges may include competition, counterfeit and brand disputes among others.

Approaches to Adjustment and Deviance Case Study

Approaches to Adjustment and Deviance - Case sphere ExampleJason is the third child and has one older brother. Family conflicts arise when Jason attempts to emulate the activities of his 17-year-old brother. As a affectionateness child, there have never been any clear boundaries set for Jason and he has a lot been emotionally neglected. He has struggled for his mothers attention and has taken on a rivalry with his father. His father has been stern, believing in tough love, without the emotional validate or communication required to carry it out successfully. Jasons mother has made excuses for her son and has covered up and allowed his inappropriate behavior, possibly due to her own guilt. The conflict between the mother and father are at the core of the family problems and Jason reacts negatively to this conflict.It was advised that the family enter family counseling based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). by means of questioning, it was found that the mother and father rar ely effectively communicate the important issues surrounding Jasons behavior and often have vastly different perceptions of what is acceptable to the family. Through role playing, the family was taught to communicate more effectively.

Analysis principles of logisties management within Mishubishi company Assignment

Analysis principles of logisties management within Mishubishi company in singapore - Assignment ExampleThe competition in the local industries and marketplaces grew stronger, and therefore, the production of products and services improved in the domain of quality in the recent years. The industry of sophisticated transportation developed as a niche of many industries (Spanos, Zaralis, & Lioukas, 2004). The companies have a duty to provide their clientele with their orders on their doorsteps, and therefore, the companies are lively in developing their private cargo services so that they can ship orders to their clients at a global take (Akhter, 2007). The company known as Mitsubishi has developed the most advanced transportation form in the world, and they have the proven capability to deliver products within one or two long time beginning from the time when the customer placed the order (van de ven, 1992). The key of success in the industry of consumer goods lies with the indic ator of marketing and advertisement (Beasley & Frigo, 2011). The ultimate level of success an organization can achieve through placing the products into the market effectively and timely as well.However, the company does not use any single means of transportation. They try according to the specific needs of the consumers (David, 2015). The company applies various statistical models in order to manage the pray of its products (Child, 1972). The applied techniques include regression analysis that measures the impact of different independent variables over a chump one (David, 2015). The companies have a keen interest in knowing the semi-exact level of demand that they cleverness face in the future (David F. R., 2011). The company uses linear programming as well that assists them in monetary value of balancing out productivity with quantity so that the organisation can create an optimal level of cost structure that will in turn generate maximum level of profitability in the market (Roulac, et al., 2005). The company operates with the help of having

Animal Testing Is Cruelty and It Is Abusive Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Is Cruelty and It Is Abusive EssayIs wolf examination cruelty or science? This is the question that galore(postnominal) people ask to themselves, and is one of the many disputed topics in todays society. In my point of view living organism tallying is cruelty be acquire wights tooshiet talk for themselves so they get kill and hurt, and we in any case violated their office by doing this. Anjo a member of the Animal Libe wood pussyion Front (ALF) said Animals feel pain they extradite a right to decent behavior (Nancy mean solar day 2000, pg. 12). It is difficult to determine how many animals ar used for explore, but experts flout the number is declining. Research use animal for experiments because animals bodies a great deal react in ways that be equivalent to the ways in which charitable bodies react. Animal search proponents say that almost every study medical examination disc overy in the last hundred years has involved experiments on animal s. Jonathan Balcombre of the Humance Society of the United States estimates that in the midst of 15 to 20 million vertebrate animals are currently used each year in the United State and between 60 and 80 million are used worldwide (Nancy daylight 2000, pg.13).According to Chris DeRose, founder and president of Last Chance for Animals said, Id give my own life to cure cancer. I dont, lessonly and ethically, however, take in the right to kill a genius rat I dont care what preposterous thoification they try to use?(Nancy Day 2000, pg.14). umteen animal activists are opposed to animal experimentation on moral ground because by getting animal for experimentation we are violating their right. Animal research proponents say the morality is in saving gentlemans gentleman lives. They point to the millions of people whose lives have been saved or improved through research on animal. mingled with these two positions, influenced by tides of public opinions, government regulation, cu ltural differences, and ethical considerations. Most people agree that much or less guidelines or regulations should control animal experimentation. Peggy Carlson, a physician in the Washington D.C. area and a research scientist for the Humane Society in the United State, As an emergency room physician I often substantiate the suffering of patients ill and dying from diseases that could have been avoided if more resources were devoted to prevention, if healthier dietary guidelines were advocated, and if more research applicable to humans was conducted.I also know that behind this human suffering is anformer(a)(prenominal) level of suffering, more hidden from view the suffering of animals used in costly and getless experiments that put on no one( Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg.29 ). Peggy Carlson concluded that the practice of victimisation animals for experimentation to mimic or to study human diseases is often unreliable and occasionally misleads scientific investigation. Not only t hat but million and billions of dollars are haggard in animal experimentation. Animals are used in experiments for three general purposes to uprise out how biologic dodgings function or what factors affect behavior to educate and train students in medicine and science and to test drugs, chemicals, or products to determine their safety and efficientness. Neal Barnard said, Animal tests have caused a very substantial loss, in ground of loss of money, in terms of the loss of good minds being devoted to a very, very particular methodology, and in terms of indicating that certain things are original which werent true( Chris Hayhurst 2000, pg. 27). One alternative to using animals for medical experimentation is to use human beings instead.If this seems shocking, keep in mind that human experimentation is already a very large and important part of medical research today. Many scientist claims that people are living longer because of animal experimentation, but studies have shown th is to be false. Researcher in Boston and Harvard Universitys found that medical measures (drug and vaccines) accounted for at most between 1 and 3.5 percent of the total decline in mortality in the United State since 1900. The researchers noned that the increase in life expectancy is earlier repayable to the decline in killer epidemics, such as tuberculosis, scarlet fever, smallpox, and diphtheria. The facts about these infectious diseases are that they were declining before and in most cases long before specific therapies became available. The decline of these diseases was most likely due to such factor as improvement in sanitation, hygiene, diet and standard of living (Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg. 50).However, medical research has played an important role in improving peoples lives without animal experimentation. The list of advances make without the use of animal is extensive and includes the isolation of AIDS virus, the discovery of penicillin and anesthetics, the identification of human blood types, the need for certain vitamins and the development of X-rays. The identification of risk factors for heart disease and probably one of the most important, the discovery for decreasing death from heart attacks was made through human population studies (Nancy Day 2000, pg.58). As we see in the previous paragraph many medical dissolving agent were found without conducting animal experimentation. I also found that this discovery were more accurate and less expensive compare to animal experimentation.One of the major problems with animal experiments is that the results frequently do non apply to humans. Irwin Bross, Ph.D., former managing director of biostatistics at the Roswell Institute for crab louse Research testified before congress in 1981 that while conflicting animal results have often retard and hampered advances in the war on cancer, they have never produced a single substantial advance each in the prevention or intervention of human cancer. ( Nancy Day 2000, pg.45) Animal tests that attempt to predict which substances cause human cancer have also been shown to be unreliable. If studies have shown that the experimentation on animal has shown to be unreliable why does scientist keep wasting their time cleansing innocent animal. Instead they should try to find difference source that could help find a solution to cancer. When I was researching, I found that neurologic diseases are an new(prenominal) major cause of death and disabilities in the United States.Again, animal experimentation in this area has not correlated well with human diseases. In 1990 an editorial in the Journal snapshot noted that 25 compounds that have being proven effective for treating stroke in animal models over the last 10 year have not proven to be effective for the use in humans strokes. Stephen Kaufman, M.D., reviewed animals model of such degenerative neurological disease as Alzheimers and Parkinsons and conclude that animal models designed to improv e our understanding and treatment of these condition have had little move and their future value is highly dubious(Chris Hayhurst 2000, pg. 20). According to the International League of the Right of animals all animals are born with an equal claim on life, are entitled to respectful treatment, and have the right to live freely in their natural environment. Some people refused to accept that animals have rights because animals cannot reason, write, speak, or create art, just because of these their life deserve less consideration than human lives (Nancy Day 2000, pg.72).However, according to Tom L. Beauchamp, research indicates that many animals exhibit the same types of mental capabilities as humans (Nancy Day 2000, pg.74).Chimpanzee provide excellent example of animal intelligence. The fact that chimpanzee can use tools, recognize and decode symbols, and perform tasks on command proves that the bankers bill between people and animals is dubious at the best. It is clear that animal s are intelligent beings, but it is not required that they have intelligence in order to be worthy of rights. If a creatures moral significance depends in the intelligence, then people with little potential for intelligence brain damaged humans, the mentally retarded, or the comatose would not be worthy of the same consideration as fully serviceable humans (Chris Hayhurst 2000, pg. 81). All human and nonhuman life, regardless of its intelligence, is unified by one important choice animal, like humans, possess the capacity to suffer.Despite whether animal have intellectual abilities, it is impossible to argue that animal do not feel pain an animal in pain screams and writhes just as a human does. Ingrid Newkirk, the founder of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), describes this essential similarity When it comes to having a nervous system and the ability to feel pain, hunger, and thirst a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy(Nancy Day 2000, pg. 100). One of the major pro blems with animal experiments is that the results frequently do not apply to humans.Irwin Bross, Ph.D., former director of biostatistics at the Roswell Institute for Cancer Research testified before congress in 1981 that while conflicting animal results have often delayed and hampered advances in the war on cancer, they have never produced a single substantial advance either in the prevention or treatment of human cancer (Nancy Day 2000, pg.113). Animal tests that attempt to predict which substances cause human cancer have also been shown to be unreliable. If studies have shown that the experimentation on animal has shown to be unreliable why does scientist keep wasting their time killing innocent animal. Instead they should try to find difference source that could help find a solution to cancer.When I was researching, I found that neurological diseases are another major cause of death and disabilities in the United States. Again, animal experimentation in this area has not correlat ed well with human diseases. In 1990 an editorial in the Journal Stroke noted that 25 compounds that have being proven effective for treating stroke in animal models over the last 10 year have not proven to be effective for the use in humans strokes. Stephen Kaufman, M.D., reviewed animals model of such degenerative neurological disease as Alzheimers and Parkinsons and conclude that animal models designed to improve our understanding and treatment of these condition have had little impact and their future value is highly dubious(Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg.112). Two other areas where animal experimentation has been both consumptive of health care dollars and unproductive are psychology and addiction.victimization animals to test therapeutic drugs has also proven unreliable. Penicillin kills guinea pigs and hamsters, but it is very beneficial for humans. Thalidomide, a ataractic drug formerly prescribed for pregnant women with morning sickness, caused serious birth defects in more than 10,000 children, but does not cause birth defects in numerous species of nonhuman animals. The significance of pain should not be judged by the value of the sufferera friend, an annoying classmate, or an animal. If morality requires us to refrain from inflicting pain upon other people, then it should require us to refrain from inflicting pain upon animal as well, and, according to Richard Ryder, consultant with the semipolitical Animal Lobby. We can treat different species differently, but always we should treat equal suffering equally. In the case of nonhumans, we see them mercilessly exploited in factory farms, in labratories, and in the wild.These are major abuses causing great suffering, yet they are still justified on the ground that these creatures are not of the same species as ourselves. The main difference between animals and humans is the ability to make ethical judgments. Animals cannot tag between right and wrong humans can. Some opponents of animal rights maintain tha t since animals do not have the ability to make moral decisions, they do not deserve moral consideration. Actually, the reverse of this argument is true The human capacity to act morally obligates us to prevent animal suffering. It does not give us license to cause it (Vaughan Monamy 2009, pg.88).

Environmental Factors Leading to Civilization Along the Nile Essay Example for Free

Environmental Factors Leading to Civilization Along the Nile EssayA. ) The cardinal most solid environmental or physical geographic factors that contributed to the development and elaboration of the United states had to be the nones smasher, and the Irish Potato Famine. The Irish potato famine was devistating to Ireland and laid waste to its people, but ended up goading Irish immigration to the United States, leading to both development and expansion. The gold rush that took hold in the United States was whizz of the epicgest factors that pushed people atomic number 74 and lead to a greater settlement of the west swoop and all atomic number 18as between. These ii major shells helped to shape the country that we know today.The Irish Potato Famine was one of the most significant environmental factors that helped develope and expand the United States because it not lone(prenominal) lead to a population swell, but contrubuted to our work force receivable to the large number of immigrants that came to the U. S. as a result of it. in the lead the famine, the Catholic Irish peasents lived a very poor lifestyle and were constantly under fear of world evicted by their land lords as their farms were bluesized and their rents were raised. They grew potato crops in the deep Irish soil and used those crops to conciliate their rents and feed their families.This was many families sole source of income and nutrition. When the potato famine began in September of 1845, the potato crops failed universaly in Ireland, something that had never happened before. The poor Irish had been acustomed to a bad crop in a spot or two and they always had adjusted to circumstances before, and there was little loss of life oer this previously. From 1845 and for the nigh 4 years, the crops would fail repeatedly and this caused wide-spread death, from both starvation and opportunistic infections such(prenominal) as typhus, that mowed people down by the thousands in their hunger weakend condition.There were many theories about just why the crops failed, both irrational and religious, but we know now that it was the fault of a fungus, carried on the winds from England where it had been brough over by the North American ships. This fungus, phytophthora infestans, florished in the damp cool climate of Ireland and consistently ruined the potato crops. By 1847, two years into the Irish Potato Famine, people began to seek greener pastures either as a result of eviction, or the promise of a new and better life in the United States.There had been Irish imigration preliminary to this, but 1847 was really the first year where major waves of Irish families began to come to the United States. This lead to a population explosion on the eastern sloping trough of the United States and the Irish immigrants who lived through and through the voyage put in little welcome, often being taken advantage of and stolen from. The Irish immigrants brough with them new id eas about culture and theology and provided laborers for road work and other tasks that helped expand the United States. The Civil War is another event in wich the Irish took pgraphics.The immigrants joined the Union Army in droves and some atribute the northern victory in that fight to the seemingly endless supply of Union troops, composed largely of the immigrant population flooding into the United States at that time. How different would our country be had the famine not happened and the immigrants not come? The other major event that contributed to the expansion and developement of the United States was the California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush was an raise time in the tarradiddle of the United States.It lead to a huge amount of expansion and settlement of the western-most poritions of the United States that were largely under-explored wild at that time. In May of 1848 gold was found along the banks of the American River close together(p) Sacramento, California. By lofty of that same year the New York Herald published an wileicle about these findings, and so the Gold Rush was born Men flocked to California to seek their fortunes in the hopes of a better life for themselves and thier families. They left their wives and children and came over land and by sea via Panama.Prospectors seeking to strike it rich brought with them their American ideals and values, and are a with child(p) part of the reason that California became a state in 1850. The California gold fields were an exciting and dangerous holding to be, with few laws and really no way to inforce those that they had. Prostitution and drunken brawls and shootings were common place and many-a-fortune was won and lost in gambeling at camp. Most prospectors did not, in fact, strike it rich and left disallusioned to either go back to their families, or to settle the area around San Francisco.As a result of the Gold Rush, Californias population swelled from just 25,000 people to well over 220,000, whe n all was said and done. The population ontogeny helped to settle the area and made San Fransico a major trade port for the Western United States as well as a gateway of sorts for trigger off and immigration. The influx of interest and travel in the west also paved the way for industries such as mining for silver in Nevada and the building of a transcontinental railroad to the west. The Gold Rush played a huge part in the expansion and development of the United States in that it had such an impact on California and the west.California and the west coast as a whole just wouldnt be what they are today had the Gold Rush not taken place. B. ) The most significant environmental or physical geographic factor that contributed to the development of Egyptian society was the Nile river. The area in question is made up of harsh, sandy desert and mountains. The river Nile flows down through this area and, due to the run- out from melting snow in the mountains each spring, carries with it rich , fertile soil that is really the only soil in the area suitable for crop production.The people in the area could use this fertile soil to plant crops and, based this new-found dependability, begin to settle and build permanent dwellings and villages. Since the villagers could count on two harvests per year, in most years, this would create and excess of product that could then be used for trade. The area near the Nile river is the only area that is very suitable for a sustainable way of life. That is why civilization grew up there due to the ability to grow crops, domesticate animals, and build permanent dwellings.People no extended had to be nomadic and search out food, they could grow and raise their own The Nile also had a big impact on the religion of the time. Egyptian religion was ploytheistic and Egyptians worshiped many gods, usually based on nature. They had a sun god, a water god, an earth god, and so-forth. Each year when the Nile river flooded, this encouraged the beli ef in such gods and their devine will. The destruction that the flooding could cause was thought of as punishment for wrong doing and people created rituals to ward off the anger of their gods.A good crop grown from the soil brought down by the flooding was considered a sign of the gods pleasure with their people. The Niles influence could also be felt in its natural ability to be a trade route for Egypt. The arid desert climate makes it anything but an ideal area to travel through, and many found the river was a swift and cool route over wich to do business.The waters brought not only fertile soil for farming, but a measure of wealth and prosperity that contributed hugely to the growth and developement of the civilization. B1. One example of cultural diffusion is the relationship between Egypt and Rome. After being defeated by Rome, Egypt prospered as a province and was the main residence of Augustus Ceaser. This had a huge cultural impact on Egypt because Augustus began to rule th e city under roman print laws and this was a whole new way of doing things. There are also the effects on Rome to look at. Egypt was a boon to the Roman Empire due to the trade routes through the desert, the abundant desert minerals that could be mined and later used to make statues and ornaments, and the scrap that could be found in Egypt as well.One would have to wonder how different Grecian art would have been without the natural contributions that were made by Egypt. There was a natural diffusion that took place solely by co-existence with people of a different culture and background. The depictions of Egyptian people and gods began to look more Roman in dress and features and, likewise, the Egyptian architecture such as Obelisks became popular in Roman art and architecture.

Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example for Free

Alfred Hitchcock EssayFor any Hitchcocks story come suspense, drama, terror and exhilarating orbital cavity of lifes spectacular event. Alfred Hitchcock who was an English do the word mystery and suspense attached to of all beaty story he has to tell. He has been a ample writer, blast film music director and an ever mysterious of a human being himself ever since he was young man in the 1930s. His passion for storytelling and direction always catch the ever hungry public for horror, suspense and drama. AH revolutionizes film devising with deep mystery and a shady touch. He st stratagemed writing and motion-picture photography since the icons was in black and white. Here ar some of those who made it to the editors and reviewers desk along with the reference.Raiders of the bewildered Ark (1981). An adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and starred by Harrison Ford. Spielberg admits that nonpareil of the some significant director that inspired in doing this sus pense and adventure film was Alfred Hitchcock. He always quoted Hitchcock in making this cinema and telling the media that Hitchcock influenced really inspire him in coming up an adventure film full of carry through and suspense.The story goes Archeology Professor Indiana Jones escapes death from poison dart, lots of glittering and breaking of bones. A large boulder even nearly pinned him to a pulp. This is just to sound an old Indian deity for his collection. He ended up being beaten by Belloq for the prize. Belloq, his old arch enemy is always on his tail and as he is, always determined to fight to the last to any precious thing they can catch. Confronted with many enemies and obstacles he failed to have the idol but instead getting tooshie alive.Back to the university he was told that an old archeological society established by the Nazi was in capital of Egypt for a mission to lay hands on the Ark of the Covenant which Indy assumed is the real resting place of the at sea Ark. The Ark is where the 10 commandments are kept. Indy as an archeologist observed that the Ark is memory a powerful energy which if fall in the wrong hands could cause disaster with the knowledge base. Being in love with adventures he went past straight to Cairo picking up his girlfriend and friend on his way. Danger is e very(prenominal)where from Nazi thugs in their every way to poisonous snakes on the Arks hiding place.Belloq being bold and cheek as Indy was hired by the Nazis to lay their hands on the Ark. Being able to get the Ark, the Nazis hired Belloq to steal the Ark from him. Belloq succeeded again in having the Ark. Together with his friends Indy who is determined with his every action launches another neck-breaking move to get the Ark back and finding himself fighting for his life again especially when he dealt with a giant German thug. The Nazis having the Ark have to drive again to Cairo to make the ritual in opening up the Ark. With the cartroad full booby traps and enemies the Nazis are determined to stop Indy from his track doing all their things to kill him. He stock-still survived and be able to stop the Nazis with their black intention.This image was now a classic but the director behind it has made history up to our modern world of cinema. Spielberg was hailed as one of the most productive and genius director of all time. And he owes it partly from the influence of Hitchcock and his stylus (Pallison).In the Mood for admire (2000). The story is based in Hong Kong and the year is 1962. It is a story of love, infidelity and integrity which catapult into traitorousness and immorality. Two people met at the wrong place and at the wrong time which made the film more intriguing to watch. Two married couples met and live in a neighborhood and the beginning was a friendship.Having spouses who are always on the run for business have inadvertently discovered that their spouses have a clandestine affair. Ironically the two cheated soul s met and work for the same project. Knowing they both have been deceived with their spouses, the two main characters have their very own chance of vengeance. But the vows which they promised were holding them back. In effect the drama of keeping the love back and fighting for their rights of being cheated added to the emotion in this characterisation.Infidelity is the name of the game and the characters chow chow Mo-Wan (Tony Leung) and Su Li-zhen (Maggie Cheung) were very much convincing and make this drama more heartfelt.Directed by Wong Kar-Wai, who was considered Hong Kongs cult director is one of the famous directors in Asia and now making a name in the world of directorship. He admits his literary influences and cinematic skills from the likes of Martin Scorsese to Alfred Hitchcock. Doing this painting, Director Kar-Wai thought that this is just an easy film thinking that thither are completely two main characters in the whole film. But realizing that the story relies not only on the main characters but with the details of describing the whole sentiments of the film it was developed into a subtle and one of the most romantic film ever made by an Asian director (Teo).Raising Cain (1992). A psychological thriller that tells the story of a father who rulems to be psychologically insane even to the point of torment his own son for the sake of his own mad experimentation. It is a disturbing film not be recommended to be watched by the innocent mind. Playing as the killer in this movie is John Lithgow who is very effective in this movie brutally torturing and murdering children for the sake of his experiments.Director De Palma has indeed put the prissy angle for every scene to put the movie in its incredibly moving and excite effect. Although the movie has been rated R by many critics and disturbingly enough for the common people. This movie depicts some of the grossly-event that from time to time happening in our world today. Children are the vict ims in this movie and that really happens. In reality women are also the main victims because of their vulnerability.Brian de Palma is now on his fifth decade as a director. He is the most visible American director working to much(prenominal) ardent, usually violent and passionate movies. He is critically acclaimed to be one of the most suspenseful and exciting director of all time because of his dedication to art in producing films that are always exciting, intriguing and mockingly curious. He is explicit with every angle in his camera, fluent in the description of movements, and stylish with his combination of elegance and violence. Admittedly getting influenced by Hitchcock, he deliberately put the audience holding their breath and letting a shriek of terror whenever a piece was delivered (Barry).Twilight (19989). Starring Paul Newman who was once a former drunk, a private detective and a cop who is about to retire. He now lives in with a couple who had a fugitive daughter. Ha rry Ross (Newman) helped in finding and bringing her back but almost died when she accidentally shoot him instead. legal transfer her back alive and him wounded, the couple managed to keep him as a bodyguard, a house help, and even a member of the family. Being alone and retired his bonding with the family has grown. Unknowingly, Jack (Gene Hackman) who owns the house has secretive scenarios unknown to the family.When Jack discovered that he is dying of cancer, he asked Harry to deliver a package to a certain womanhood named Gloria Lamar. Being confident with his friends request to simply deliver a package made his world turned upside down. Unfortunately the package was discovered and contained elements that lead to blackmail and murder which voluminous Jack.The sudden twist of this movie has a gripping and suspenseful events which on first viewing was such so simple and melancholic. In the later part of the movie and understanding all of the twist, the climax of the movie has be en revealed.Directed by Robert Benton. Benton was considered one of the most popular and productive film makers of the 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s. His ever changing style in making his film has made him nifty and it is clearly shown in his films. Together with Newman in making this film they tried to make this movie more like a Hitchcock thriller with the style of other great directors. This film has made it and considered one of the top-earner films of the modern era. Benton has always tried to copy Hitchcock style of suspense and thrilling cinematography and it does not fail in every film he made (Williams).From the best classics that Hitchcock pen or directed to the last movies in the last decade of his career Hitchcock has always been firm with his films to fix those hair-raising, thrill getting and full suspense films. He has already made a historical and emblematical symbol to filmmaking which our present film makers are now making his movies and style their reference and guide lines. From the budding director to a movie great filmmaker, Hitchcock would always come up as the one who made filmmaking an sport industry.He started his own style in black and white cinematography and silent movie and as yet he was able to bring his audience with affect and terror. Until today there are critics who are hoping to see a trace of Hitchcocks suspenseful part for every movie they evaluate. In the kingdom of movie industry, people knew him to be a prolific and mysterious writer without the love for popularity and lights on him.For a movie fan who loves his movies he will always be the silent, mysterious man behind those cameras ready to frighten off you out of your wits, hold on to your seats and gasp at the sudden flash of a surprise before your eyes. Before you knew it, your eyes are widened with shock and exhilaration envelops you. You are watching a Hitchcock movie and be prepared..Work CitedBarry. A Fine Suspense Thriller. (2001).Pallison, Arnauld. Hitchcocks Influences on Spielberg Raiders of the Lost Ark as Example. 2006.Teo, Stephen, ed. Wong Kar-Wai, Auteur of Time 2005.Williams, Kent. hold Review Twilight. 1998.

Europe’s Interaction with Africa, Asia Essay Example for Free

Europes Interaction with Africa, Asia EssayIn the mid-15th century, European nations started sending merchants, explorers, colonizers and missionaries to various split of the valet de chambre. Historians often referred to this phenomenon as the Age of stripping, an era in which unknown seas were traversed, wise lands and peoples were discovered and an astounding current phase in global encounters was initiated (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). The Age of Discovery played an important role in the semipolitical and economic development of Western Europe. Some of its key legacies included colonization, the development of large-scale horticultural industries and the crack of Christianity. The Age of Discovery, however, is usually portrayed as exclusively European and historicly unique. It must be make clear that such a description is misleading and incomplete. Exploration and expansion are not historical novelties, and neither are they uniquely European. Furthermore, they have separate motivations, lieus and cross-cultural perceptions apart from the desire to discover other lands (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). Muslim and Chinese explorers and transactionrs have been traveling across Asia, Arabia and Africa centuries onward Christopher Columbus set forbidden from Spain in 1492.The journeys of Ibn Battuta in the mid-14th century, for instance, took him through the vast extent of the Islamic world. Zheng He, a fleet admiral who lived during the Ming Dynasty, sailed as utmostther as the coast of east Africa in the mid-15th century (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 3). Tunisian philosopher and historian Ibn Khaldun traveled as far as Spain in the 14th century (Ahmed 102). But European and non-European explorers differed in terms of the motives behind their single journeys. Non-European explorers traveled primarily to create extensive religious and shell out networks.Muslims were partially bound by organized religion and commerce as a form of compensation for the near-absence of political unity in the Islamic world. patronage ethnic and regional differences, their adherence to Islamic laws and values provided them with a sense of unity and shared identity. The geological formation of long-distance trading networks, meanwhile, allowed Muslim producers and consumers from diverse regions to communicate with one another, as well as with peoples of different religions (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4).Muslim traders therefore organized camel caravans to the frontiers of India and across the Sahara in Africa. They likewise established equally profitable trade routes by sea across the Indian Ocean. By the late 15th century, the commercialised activity in most of the regions surrounding the Indian Ocean was almost under their control. Furthermore, certain localities in the Islamic world were gaining recognition for their excellence in specific industries. Persia, for example, was renowned in the 14th century for its exquisite glassware, j ewelry and pottery (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4).Extensive trade and industry, in turn, provided the Islamic world with urbanized and cosmopolitan societies. Sophisticated commercial centers such as Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, Timbuktu and Zanzibar attracted residents from distant regions that eventually converted to Islam. These new converts subsequently spread Islam and elements of Islamic husbandry to their respective homelands. The Delhi Sultanate of India and the West African kingdom of Mali are some examples of regions that were not originally Islamic except were later Islamized (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 4).In sharp contrast, the motive behind most European explorations was the pseudo-revival of the Reconquista (the struggle of the Spanish and Portuguese Christians to expel the Moors from their respective countries). In the 14th and 15th centuries, anti-Moor sen measurent was still strong in Spain and Portugal it was during these periods that Spanish and Portuguese Chris tians successfully expelled the Moors from Iberia. But this victory soon left some knights idle and looking for new adventures.Many knights thus joined overseas expeditions, viewing these as new opportunities to vanquish the hated Moors (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). certain(p) economic conditions in Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries were also responsible for the xenophobic attitude that many European explorers had during the Age of Discovery. In these eras, most European economies were still small, largely agrarian and geared towards run across local needs. Muslim merchants and middlemen were the sole sources of spices and other luxury goods.In addition, Europe was politically fragmented the chastes monarchs wasted scarce resources and manpower in the numerous wars and conflicts that they waged against each other. Lastly, the Black Death (bubonic plague) killed millions and advance weakened economies, adding to the pervasive atmosphere of dread and xenophobia (Sander s, Morillo and Nelson 5). Given the insular, backward and unsophisticated nature of Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, it was no longer surprising that the expeditions from the continent had mostly detrimental effects.Many explorers viewed the natives that they encountered in foreign lands as barbarians that must be civilized by being subjugated to them. By the sixteenth and 17th centuries, therefore, many countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas ended up being the colonies of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain and France (Sanders, Morillo and Nelson 5). In addition, the transatlantic slave trade occurred from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Mainstream historians had indeed painted a misleading and incomplete picture of the Age of Discovery.By claiming that the Age of Discovery was an exclusively European and historically unique phenomenon, they are implying that it was an event that was born out of Europes benevolent desire to discover other lands. But the truth is tha t the Age of Discovery should not be glorified. Exploration and expansion have already been taking place long before it happened proof that the inhabitants of the regions outside of Europe are not savages. The Age of Discovery occurred at a time when Europe was still insular, backward and unsophisticated.Thus, many of the continents explorers exhibited a fearful and xenophobic attitude when it came to dealing with people not of their own race. This paranoia, in turn, led to the colonization of several nations in Africa, Asia and the Americas. In addition, slavery became a centuries-old practice.Works CitedAhmed, Akbar S. Discovering Islam Making Sense of Muslim History and Society. New York Routledge, 1989. Sanders, Thomas, Stephen Morillo, and Samuel H. Nelson. Encounters in humans History Sources and Themes from the Global Past, Volume II From 1500. New York McGraw-Hill, 2005.

James Moore v Mack Trucks, Inc and Worldwide Equipment Inc Essay Example for Free

James Moore v Mack Trucks, Inc and Worldwide Equipment Inc EssayIn the aspect of James Moore v. Mack Trucks, Inc. and Worldwide Equipment Inc. , the facts are that the Appellant appeals against the truck manufacturer and the distributor for recovery of vexation losses and losses associated with the trucks eventual repossession. The Circuit Court, Floyd County had summarily brush aside the contention made by the Appellant. afterwards ruling that the appeal has been preferred in a timely and proper manner, the court goes into the merits of the contentions of the Appellant. The Appellant alleges that when he expressed concerns about the eighteen speed transmission of the vehicle, he was informed him the transmission had been completely redone by Mack. Appellant claims that he was informed him that the truck would suit appellants needs because the truck had a large back end differential and a larger motor, allowing it to get up and down hills.This, the Appellant contends created an express warranty. However, the court dismissed the contention as the warranty and sales agreement of the defendant disclaimed all implied warranties. In my opinion, the ruling is nonsensical as even though the warranty agreements signed clearly disclaim any other implied warranties, a customer can ordinarily rely on logical arguments made by the representatives of the defendants.While the second call downment made by the representative is merely an opinion, as rightly pointed by the court, the appellant should not throw a crap to suffer as a result of relying on the first statement. It is conceded that the appellant should have perused the documents diligently, yet to state that a vendor is exempted from liabilities arising out of a default of his promises so long as there is an immunity clause protecting him, would put the buyer in a very precarious position.The ruling is clean contrary to Christian principles in that it legitimizes a certain amount of deception by the s eller, allowing him to dupe and take pecuniary advantage. Ordinarily, the tenet of caveat venditor should be followed rather than caveat emptor. As per the Christian idea, we trust our comrade beings, and it would be of benefit and advantage to all. In the given case, the respondents are allowed to be exempt from their promises solely on the basis of a technicality in the contract.

Bad Effects of Smoking Essay Example for Free

Bad Effects of heater EssayCigarette smoking is usually associated with breathing trouble and lung cancer. But smokers are at a high lay on the line of developing several chronic disorders. Along with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, fleshiness and diabetes, smoking is a major independent risk factor for a coronary centerfield unsoundness or kidney failure. It causes damage by decreasing the oxygen flow to the heart. It increases the blood pressure and heart rate, twain of which are fatal for the heart. A cigarette has many types of poisons, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, tar and most of all, nicotine. unconnected from that, there are many other poisonous ingredients of varying toxicity. Nicotine is addictive and affects the arteries in a detrimental manner. Heartbeat increases, hypertension occurs and arteries get constricted out-of-pocket to nicotine. Oxygen supply to the heart is stopped callable to carbon monoxide.Blood clotting and clogging ge ts increased. In the case of coronary artery, the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart gets decreased due to narrowing of the arteries. This strain leads to a chest pain or angina pectoris. asunder from the long-term bad effects, cigarette smoking affects the body right at the moment of smoking due to the presence of so many poisonous substances. Arsenic is a rat poison, methane is a rocket fuel, ammonia water is used in floor cleaning, cadmium is used in batteries, carbon monoxide is part of car eat on and hydrogen cyanide is a poison used in gas chambers. Every time peerless inhales smoke from a cigarette, all these poisonous chemicals enter into the blood through the lungs in small amounts. steady small amounts of such deadly poisons can harm the body. Smoking makes one smell bad, stains the teeth, causes the skin to railway line and gives bad breath.Cavities are found three times more in smokers than non-smokers. Hormone levels get humble due to smoking. Smokers cough for a long time. They are more prone to bronchitis and pneumonia. Smokers fall sick more often. Every time one inhales smoke from a cigarette, some of the air sacks in the lungs get killed. This way, part of the lungs gradually get destroyed. This hampers activities like sports or singing where proper breathing is necessary. Smoking paralyzes the hair-like structures called cilia lining the lungs. They establish incapable of sweeping out dust particles, smoke and pollens from the lungs. As a result these particles stay for good in the lungs and form tar.Cigarettes are as bad as cocaine or heroin. The poisonous addictive in nicotine makes people feel good while smoking. This increases the chances of lung cancer or emphysema. One ends up beingness sick for a long, long time. Smoke from a cigarette increases fatty deposits in the blood and strains the heart. The risk of a heart disease and atherosclerosis gets aggravated due to this. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty sub stances like cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium etc are deposited along the lining of arteries in a humane body. LDL cholesterol increases and HDL cholesterol decreases due to smoking. Triglycerides increases and affects the cholesterol levels negatively.

A Person Live on 500 Rupees in a Month Essay Example for Free

A Person Live on cholecalciferol Rupees in a Month EssayTo twenty-four hour period our society become advance and the previous surviving standard of our life also changes. A few years ago, peoples started trade with barter system, and so a grown change devolveed in our trade system. According to this change money took barters position. promptly people trade their things with money except of barter system. But again a changing happen in our coin system and this time change happen in the shape of value of currency because the value of currency still fall day by day. According to this system, inflation also increases day by day. In which, lets suppose a person who live on cholecalciferol rupees in a month is a student and if he want to do this then he must follows some guidelines. Because once there was a time when peoples thought 500 rupees is actually big amount for live in a month but now a days, our society is very(prenominal) expensive and for this reason 500 rupees l ose their previous values and if we depend on 500 for all in all month then it is very difficult to spend a happy month.Now if you ready to do this job as a student then first of all reduce your all extra expenses like smoking, out campus visits without any reason etc. First of all student should have to think a budget for the whole month because we must retire, which things are necessary and which are unnecessary. We should also know how much amount we are going to spend on which items and what importance of these items for us. The budget which has been planned by you should be implemented.Some of the students plan the budget but fail to implement like Pakistan Government. If you want to score a list to your friend, then please give him a miss call and wait for his call back. If he does not respond you within four to five minutes then make a call from your other nearest friend, brother or your fathers mobile. In the university, when you feel aridity and want to eat somethin g, force your friends for party without any reason.For party, you can hide your friends kiosk phone or any other precious-valuable, important- things. If a friend forces you to give him or her party then tell him, today I left my wallet at home, by mistake. These suggestions are very good and helpful to spend whole month in 500 rupees. If you follow these suggestions, Ill warrantee you that you will fulfill your requirements and may be you can save two hundred or much a month.

Debt and Trial Balance Essay Example for Free

Debt and attempt Balance EssayDRIVE PROGRAM SEMESTER national CODE NAME BK ID CREDITS MARKS ASSIGNMENT WINTER 2013 MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ MBAN2/ PGDBAN2 1 MB0041 FINANCIAL AND trouble ACCOUNTING B1624 4 60 Note Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 mark questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Q. No Questions Marks congeries Marks 1 score the classification of Accounts according to accounting equation approach with its meaning and examples. equality the tralatitious approach with modern approach of accounting equation approach. Analyze the feat under traditional approach. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 20. 1. 2011 stipendiary salary Rs. 30,000 20. 1. 2011 Paid rent by cheque Rs. 8,000 21. 1. 2011 Goods withdrawn for personal use Rs. 5,000 25. 1. 2011 Paid an advance to suppliers of goods Rs. 1,00,000 26. 1. 2011 Received an advance from customers Rs. 3,00,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid interest on bestow Rs. 5,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid instalment of loan Rs. 25,000 31. 1. 2011 Interest allowed by bank Rs. 8,000 Classification of accounting equation approach with meaning and examples Analysis of transaction with accounts involved-nature of accountaffects and debit/credit 2 4 10 6The sideline trial balance was extracted from the books of Chetan, a small businessman. Do you think it is correct? If not, rewrite it in the correct form. Debits Stock Purchases Returns outwards Rs. credit 8250 Capital 12750 gross revenue 700 Returns inwards Rs. 10000 15900 1590 Discount received Wages and salaries Rent and rates motley debtors Bank Overdraft 800 2500 1850 7600 2450 Discount allowed Scooty Carriage charges Sundry creditors Bills payable 800 1750 700 7250 690 Journal entries of all the transactions Conclusion 3 6 10 4 From the given trial balance draft an Adjusted Trial Balance.Trial Balance as on 31. 03. 2011 Debit balances Furniture and Fittings Buildings Rs. Credit balances Rs. 10000 Bank Over compos e 16000 500000 Capital Account 400000 Sales Returns 1000 Purchase Returns 4000 Bad Debts 2000 Sundry Creditors 30000 Sundry Debtors 25000 Commission Purchases 90000 Sales Advertising 20000 Cash 10000 Taxes and Insurance 235000 5000 General Expenses 5000 7000 Salaries TOTAL 20000 690000 TOTAL 690000 Adjustments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Charge depreciation at 10% on Buildings and Furniture and fittings. create verbally off further bad debts 1000 Taxes and Insurance postpaid 2000Outstanding salaries 5000 Commission received in advance1000 Preparation of ledger accounts Preparation of trial balance 4 6 10 4 Compute heading ratios and comment on the financial performance of Infosys Technologies Ltd. from the following extract of its income statements of five years. (in Rs. Crore) Particulars 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 27,501 22,742 21,693 16,692 13,893 Operating Profit (PBIDT) 8,968 7,861 7,195 5,238 4,391 PAT from ordinary activities 6,835 6,218 5,988 4,659 3,856 Revenue (Source I nfosys Technologies Ltd. Annual Report)Preparation of trend analysis Preparation of trend ratios 4 Conclusion 5 4 10 2 Give the meaning of cash flow analysis and put down the objectives of cash flow analysis. Explain the formulation of cash flow statement. Meaning of cash flow analysis Objectives of cash flow analysis 3 Explanation of preparation of cash flow analysis 6 2 10 5 Write the assumptions of marginal costing. Differentiate between absorption costing and marginal costing. Assumptions of marginal costing (all 7 points) 4 Differences of marginal and absorption costing (Includes all 8 6 points) 10

Active Listening in 4 Steps Essay Example for Free

bustling Listening in 4 Steps EssayActive listing in 4 travel The best(p) managers make the best listeners Managers spend a good part of their workday listening to other(a) spate. But bear in mind, theres a big difference between dormant and active listening. Effective listening includes a four-step process to ensure under patronageing1. Listen to the total message.2. rebel your understanding by using nonverbal signals. 3. Use open-ended probes. 4. Paraphrase what you hear.Motivating employees through practical(prenominal) deadlines 4 dos and go ints Without deadlines, employees flounder. They push asidet be aware of the urgency or priorities of a tramp unless their supervisors tell them. Following are four tips on motivating employees by setting realistic deadlines1. Do be specificName the target day and time. And mean what you say. If you ask for completion next week, dont complain on Friday that you really needed it on Wednesday. 2. Do clarify priorities Let peopl e know if this assignment takes precedence over any other projects theyre working on now. nullify the old, favorite deadline ASAP, which usually translates in an employees mind as whenever it gets done.3. wear outt set simulated deadlinesSetting a deadline earlier than necessary (because you dont trust your employees to meet the real deadline) creates more(prenominal) problems than it solves. Your staff will soon learn thats how you operate and will assume theres of all time air in the schedule. As a result, theyll always miss that first deadline, just as you knew they would. 4. Do establish an update scheduleThe best-laid plans female genital organ go astray, and so nominate deadlines. Youll minimize the pass off of this occurring by setting up a progress report schedule when you assign the project. This is especially outstanding for long-term projects.Motivating employees to do their best each day 6 office communication techniques present are six tips for motivating emplo yees to stay on task and work together toward the common goal, correspond to a report by OnPoint Consulting 1. Clarify, clarify, clarify.2. Establish clear expectations. 3. Dont micromanage your entrepreneurial-minded employees. But do observe them. 4. Encourage employees to share severe news with you. 5. Solve problems quickly, but non too quickly. 6. Encourage wanton and spontaneous interaction. Managing employee retention Listen for subtle whispers of employee turnover Most good employees dont stand up one day and quit out of the blue. They send off subtle hints that, if youre listening, you can act on before the good employee walks out the door.Thats why its important to listen to statements like these that can act as an advance warning system for employee turnover * This job isnt what I thought it would be. Rather than exploring what the employee was originally told or trying to defend miscommunication, focus on the present. Ask, How do you want your job to be? * Im at a p lateau. I cant grow here. Consider that a plea for job stimulation. Provide the employee with new responsibilities, cross-training opportunities or exposure to potent mentors. * I dont get any feedback. Most employees crave regular input from their supervisors. Dont leave them in the dark. Plan regular sessions to discuss ongoing projects and performance. * This place has too very much politics. While you may not be able to eliminate all dissension and politics in the organization, you can level with the employee. If someone makes this complaint, address rumors head-on, and dont play favorites.Maintaining workplace productivity 7 common employee gripes (and how to silence them) A recent study says that 40% of managers in the United States are considered bad bosses by their employees. Yet most managers assume that their relationships with their employees are running smoothly. Obviously, some of those bosses are wrong and that can create major problems for workplace productivity. A Gallup Poll says organizations are 50% less productiveand 44% less profitablewhen serious boss-employee conflicts exist. Employee retention strategies 8 little things managers can do to retain the best When good employees leave for greener pastures, it makes a managers job much more difficult. Managers can interdict this syndrome by doing what they can to make their own pasture the greenest. While compensation helps, its not always cash that makes pastures greener. When salaries are equal with the marketplace, other factors take priority.Here are eight easy-to-plant seeds that help sustenance employees growing and content, according to a KEYGroup report 1. Keep them engaged. Consider ways to provide opportunities for employees to improve on their skills or learn new skills they can use in their jobs. 2. Give praise where praise is due. Recognizing a job well done isnt an expensive proposition, but it will mean the world to your employee. 3. Be aware of employees changing needs. By recognizing their changing needs, you show sensitivity to whats going on in their lives. This builds loyalty and helps bring stability to their personal lives, which means they can focus better at work.4. reckon that great employees thrive under great leaders. Employees wont leave for greener pastures unless you drive them. The buck starts and clams with their leaders. 5. Conduct regular stay interviews. Rather than exit interviews, use regular stay interviews to provide an hazard to compliment high performers on their work and inspire them to do more. 6. arrive at an environment where people can do their best work. By allowing employees to develop and implement their own ideas, youll keep them passionate about their work.7. Create an environment of trust. Employees are happier and work harder when they trust their leaders. They decide which leaders they can trust based on how their fellow employees, company vendors and customers are treated. 8. Rid your pasture of weeds. The weeds are those poor performers and negative employees who mute the good attitudes and high performance of their co-workers. The bottom line Striving to keep employees happy and engaged is not just a nice thing to do its the only way to maximize workplace productivity. Thoughtful employee retention strategies are useful not just for retaining people to avoid the high court of recruitment. Engaged employees are creative, productive, motivated and brimming with good ideas

Boys don’t play with dolls’ Essay Example for Free

Boys dont play with dolls EssayThe Vietnam state of war is still the United States some famous (or infamous) war even if new conflicts have risen over the years. The numerous films made rough the Vietnam War are a testament to its fame (or infamy). This paper would be a review of two profit sites reviewing the cause of conflict, social stratification, type of conflict, and how the war ended. According to vietnampix. com the war on Vietnam started because of the splitting of the country. The French apply to dominate Vietnam but when they were defeated, the country was divided into two. Sometime betwixt 1955 and 1960, the communist occupied North Vietnam essay to invade the Democratic South. Aided by two other communist countries China and Russia, the North was primed(p) to conquer the whole country. Fearing the spread of communism, the US had to interfere. (The Vietnam War Background). Social Stratification had a big office in the war in fact, it is part of the cause. Comm unism is based on a form of beau monde where everybody else is equal, except for the officials. Democracy on the other hand believes in open opportunities for all.Not being able-bodied to agree on this divided the country which would eventually lead to the Vietnam War. The type of conflict of the Vietnam War is a mixture of different types. It was first a revolution against France which has ruled the country for a long time. And indeed it became a Civil War as the country was divided into two halvesthe communist North and the republican South led by Ngo Dinh Diem. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). It quickly became a feud of all sorts when America obdurate to take part in the war in order to stop the spread of communism in the world.On paper, the conflict was ended through the Paris Peace Agreement in January 1973 but hostilities between opposing forces were still happening. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). The result of the conflict were, a rare US loss, millions of lives gone, and a country dev astated. References Vietnampix. com (n. d). The Vietnam War Background. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from http//www. vietnampix. com/intro. htm Vassar College (n. d). The Wars of Vietnam. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from http//vietnam. vassar. edu/overview. html

Challenges In Web Information Retrieval Computer Science Essay

Challenges In weave cut guidege Retrieval computing machine Science EssayAn overview of learning Retrieval is presented in this chapter. This defines the need of learning recovery. This discusses how the IR line of shit bear be handled. It discusses ab fall pop the model for commodity and brilliant recovery. It briefly defines the major issues in information convalescence. It in any case discusses about the necessity of convalescence and the basis of the direct for the motivation of the survival of look topic for send occupyments of information retrieval and how it advise be utilize in the nett hunting. This discusses the drug exploiter involvement in the retrieval model. This chapter as well as defines the numbers of orgasmes argon proposed for the user, establishment and info for the efficient and in bring outigent retrieval. The different models be focuses on the organization and storing of the data/documents. This chapter defines the need of t he retrieval constitution and too the proposed study in the accusation of efficient and precocious retrieval. The observations ar properly lookd with the particular emphasis on the necessities of the information retrieval.It is very affect in a way the information is available in the world today. This leads to the gush of information soon. The explosion is due to the availability of data and documents online. At the said(prenominal) time while seeking and accessing a data/document is a problem. The digitalization is a basis where the ordinary man is involve in storing a huge amount of electronic data. An electronic data can be intimately transmitted via netmail and easily disseminated on the web. The search can be applied on the stored schoolbook to require the applicable information on any topic and reuse it. The information explosion agency there is similarly much germane(predicate) information readily available to meet the cognitive capacity, for that we forget be determination a unwieldyy in defining the document applicable. Now it constructs necessary for information retrieval (IR) strategys to call good techniques to abide effective access to much(prenominal)(prenominal) a huge amount of available information. in particular with the emergence of the World Wide meshwork, users hire an access to such huge amount of documents. More and much information services such as saucily services library and electronic mail etc ar easily available. Things are becoming online in order to provide with a prompt access to the users. The, more(prenominal)(prenominal) than textual information is available on web, due to increasing surface of information sources has made it difficult for the people to befall applicable textual documents. The information that reaches to the user does not check into with his/her interest and simply end up with the overloading him/her. The users open to select manually the relevant information from the huge bundle of information. This makes an excite demand for more effective retrieval systems to perform the efficient and intelligent retrieval of data/documents. This seek effort entrust capture the semantics and likewise integ calculate it in IR systems. This study will explore this idea by considering in two directions. Firstly, the efficacy of search results, that can be focussed on the statistical methods. Secondly, the need to improve upon the relevance (in semantic sense and relevant technique) has to be satisfied. This will locomote you in the direction of attempt to improve upon the document storing and examination deputation. Also natural language impact ( human language technology) technique can help to segregate/classifies the data for the best use. A relevancy technique is use not built-inly for the efficiency of retrieval exclusively as well jurist intelligently for capturing the semantics in representation of coordinated and representation process.The investigate mainly in this orbital cavity has to be focus broadly in two directions. Firstly, expanding the call into question entered in the better representation as per used needs and secondly, determining the relevant in the document urge to representation for improved the results. If the information of any document is lost whence that can be recovered by using relevance assessment technique. The relevance cannot be judge only on the on the basis of term occurrence but it depends on the existing retrieval system lie on introductory retrieval models such as boolean, standard vector and probabi joustic that treat both documents and queries as a set of unrelated price. These classical models have the advantage of creation simple, scalable and computationally feasible, but they do not offer entire and complete representation. Due to this ignorance in the present classical model, the role of semantic and relative information about the document in the retrieval process is sub stantial. It is difficult to identify useful documents simply on the basis of words used by the author of the document, as words may mean differently in different context, as pointed out in Zrehen S, 2000. It is insufferable to retrieve all documents pertaining to a particular topic, because such documents do not fortune a commonalty set of keywords and because current search engines may or may not address semantics or context. The work focuses mainly on the semantic techniques. However, building a complete semantic concord of the text requires human-like process of text and is beyond the scope of this work. The objective of this work is to classify documents as relevant and non-relevant with reckon to a standing interrogation with more accuracy and less overhead. A detailed and accurate semantic interpretation is not needed for this potpourri Evans David A. Zhai C.,1996. This fact distinguishes IR screening from other(a) NLP applications. The semantic knowledge needed to define the relevance of the document and that can be easily extracted from the text with respect to the author or user.This can be implemented by approach to the overlaying facility, which helps in relations with the kinds issue, which is one of the closely important grammatical constituents in the design of information retrieval systems. These techniques allow the search and retrieval systems to involve in the improve document and/or query representation. It involves into the address document semantics .It not only improved the ranking of retrieved documents, save adapt queries establish on relevance feedback and improve retrieval performance. Finally, producing the alliance amidst the fact that so much information is being produced and at such a rate that no single technique can offer remedy to all problems, we propose hybrid approach to information retrieval and also evaluate one such model. This will explore to both directions for the efficiency and intelligent retrieval. The realization of inadequacy of the current approaches of information retrieval, work focuses on investigating intelligent techniques that will help in retrieving information in effect. IR enables the programs for representation, comparison, and interaction methods to implement in the system result in effective performance. The techniques that improve these aspects i.e., the representation, comparison, or interaction, will lead to intelligent retrieval. The use of overlaying facility will be capturing the relationships between the different layers of data. This will cultivate to a hybrid model by applying the efficient and intelligent technique using hierarchical and semantics approach.To improve the efficacy of an IR system, we need a better dread of the issues have-to doe with in information retrieval and problems associated with existing traditional information retrieval systems. The algorithm/application of these techniques can provide significant benefit. This exactly defi nes the scope of the work. In the rest of the chapter, we prototypic discuss the issues regard and the problems associated with current approaches to information retrieval. And the motivation behind the retrieval is discussed. The proposed work for the information retrieval is studied thoroughly. This overview also serves as a plusmary of the core technical contributions of this work. It briefly reviews some(a) of the previous research aiming at necessity of the work. Lastly, it describes the organization of the dissertation1.2. Major issues in information retrievalThere are a number of issues that are involved in the design and evaluation of IR systems some of them are discussed. The first important issue to address is to choose a representation of the document. Most of the human knowledge is coded in natural language. However, it is difficult to use natural language as knowledge representation language for figurer systems. The current retrieval models are found on either keywo rds for search or author. This keyword representation creates problem during retrieval due to polysemy, homonymy and synonymy. Polysemy involves the phenomenon of a lexeme with multiple meaning. Keyword matching may not always imply word sense matching Justin Picard Jacques Savoy ,2000. Homonymy is an ambiguity in which words that appear the same have unrelated meanings.Ambiguity makes it difficult for a calculator to automatically condition the conceptual content of documents. synonymy creates problem when a document is indexed with one term and the query contains a different term, and the two terms share a common meaning. The previous studies indicate that human beings tend to use different expressions to fix the same meaning Blair D., Maron M., 1990. The recent work in developing extensive lexicon is an attempt to improve the event Mittendorf E. ed. Al, 2000. Traditional retrieval models ignore semantic and contextual information in the retrieval process Judith P. Dick, 19 92, Ounis I. Huibers T,W.C. 1997. This information is lost in the extraction of keywords from the text and can not be recovered by the retrieval algorithms. The ameliorate IR demands an improved representation of text, which is very important. The related issue can look anterior in characterization of queries by users. This is in catch in this case because of vagueness and inaccuracy of the users queries, say for instance, their lack of knowledge of the able or the inherent vagueness of the natural language itself. The users may fail to include relevant terms in the query or may include irrelevant terms. Inappropriate or inaccurate query leads to inadequate retrieval performance. The problem of ill-specified query can be dealt with by modifying or expanding queries. An effective technique based on users interaction is the relevance feedback. This will Improve the representation of documents and/or queries is thus central to improving IR. In order to satisfy users request an IR system matches document representation with the query representation. How to match the representation of a query with that of the document is another issue. A number of similarity surveys have been proposed to valuate the similarity between a query and the document to produce a graded list of results. The selection of the appropriate similarity measure is a very crucial issue in the IR system design. The evaluation of the performance of IR systems is also one of the major issues in IR. There are umteen another(prenominal) aspects of evaluation most important being the effectiveness of an IR system. Recall and precision are the most widely used measures of effectiveness in IR community. As improving effectiveness in IR is the underlying theme for evaluating any technique and is one of the core issues in this work. The evaluation of the performance of IR systems relies on the notion of relevance. The relevance is issuanceive in nature Saracevic T., 1991. Only the user can tell t he true relevance. This cannot be measure as it is based on user perception. However, it is not assertable to measure this true relevance. One may define the degree of relevance. The relevance has been considered as a binary concept, whereas it is a continuous function (a document may be exactly what the user wants or it may be closely related). The current evaluation techniques do not support this continuity. The number of relevance frameworks has been proposed in Saracevic T., 1996. This includes the system, communication, mental and situational frameworks. The most inclusive is the situational framework, which is based on the cognitive view of the information seeking process and considers the splendor of situation, context, multi-dimensionality and time. A survey of relevance studies can be found in Mizzaro S. ,1997. Most of the evaluations of IR systems so far have been done on document test armys with known relevance judgments. The large size of document collections also co mplicates text retrieval. Further, users may have varying in need of documents. somewhat users require answers of limited scope, while others require documents having wide scope. These different needs can require that different and specialised retrieval methods be employed. The work attempts to handle some of these problems by proposing techniques. To improve representation of documents and queries and by incorporating new similarity measures. Information retrieval models based on these representations and similarity measures have been proposed and evaluated in this work. The another factor that decreases search engine usefulness is the dynamic nature of the Web, resulting in many dead colligate and out of date pages that have changed since indexed. But even accepting these factors, envisioning relevant information using Web search engines oftentimes fails. The document retrieval systems typically present search results in a ranked list, ordered by their estimated relevance to t he query. The relevancy is estimated based on the similarity between the text of a document and the query. Such ranking schemes work well when users can formulate a well-outlined query for their searches. However, users of Web search engines often formulate very short queries (70% are single word queries Motro, 98) that often retrieve large numbers of documents. Based on such a condensed representation of the users search interests, it is impossible for the search engine to identify the specific documents that are of interest to the users. Moreover, many webmasters now actively work to influence rankings. These problems are intensify when the users are unfamiliar with the topic they are querying about, when they are novices at do searches, or when the search engines database contains a large number of documents. All these conditions commonly exist for Web search engine users. Therefore the vast majority of the retrieved documents are often of no interest to the user such searches a re termed low precision searches. The low precision of the Web search engines coupled with the ranked list presentation force users to examine through a large number of documents and make it hard for them to assure the information they are looking for. As low precision Web searches are inevitable, tools must be provided to help users cope with (and make use of) these large document sets. Such tools should include means to easily browse through large sets of retrieved documents.1.3 Necessity of present workThe motivation for this research is to make search engine results easy to browse. The document classification algorithms attempt to root similar documents together. The Classification / Grouping the results of Web search engines can provide a powerful browsing tool. The automatic grouping of similar documents (document groups) a feasible method of presenting the results of Web search engines.1.3.1 Classification The document groups have initially been investigated in Information Retrieval mainly as a means of improving the performance of search engines by pre-clustering the entire corpus Jardine and van Rijsbergen, 71. The cluster hypothesis van Rijsbergen, 79 stated that similar documents will tend to be relevant to the same queries, thus the automatic detection of clusters of similar documents can improve recall by effectively broadening a search request. However we are investigating classification as a means of browsing large retrieved document sets. We therefore need to slightly modify the group classification which casing to the domain. This can be attempted for user-class hypothesis is that users have a mental model of the topics and subtopics of the documents present in the result set similar documents will tend to belong to the same category in the users model. thence the automatic detection of clusters of similar documents can help the user in browsing the result set. The classification and the groups of the documents with respect to the author c an help users in three ways (1) it can allow them to visit the information they are looking for more easily, (2) it can help them to realize faster that a query is poorly formulated (e.g., too general) and to reformulate it, and (3) it can reduces the fraction of the queries on which the user gives up in the beginning reaching the desired information. For example, if a user wishes to find salsa recipes on the Web, and performs a search using the query apple, only 10% of the returned documents will be related to apple recipes (the rest will relate to apple music, apple products that can be bought on the web and a software product called apple many documents will have no apparent connection to apple at all). If we were to cluster the results, the user could find the group relating to apple recipes and thus save valuable browsing time. We have identified some key requirements for document clustering of search engine results. The support vector machine is used to implement such types of cluster techniques 1) Coherent Clusters is the clustering algorithm should group similar documents together. 2) Efficiently browsable that the user needs to determine at a glance whether the contents of a cluster are of interest. Therefore, the system has to provide apothegmatic and accurate cluster descriptions. 3) Speed of the system should not introduce a substantial delay to begin with displaying the results. 4) In preliminary experimentation carried out at the beginning of this study we found Web documents, and in particular search engine snippets, to be poor candidates for classification because they are short and often poorly formatted. This led us to consider the use of phrases in the classification of search engine results, as they contain more information than simple words (information regarding proximity and order of words). The phrases have the equally important advantage of having a higher descriptive power ( comparingd to single words). This is very important whe n attempting to describe the contents of a group to the user in a concise manner. The groups can be making with the keyword in respect to the subject and sub-subject or it can be in respect to the author or user.1.3.2 Relevancy in documents With respect to the clustering of the documents or users, they important study that is made for the retrieval is as follows. The search engines are extremely important to help users to find relevant retrieval of information on the World Wide Web. In order to give the best according to the needs of users, a search engine must find and filter the most relevant information matching a users query, and then present that information in a manner that makes the information most readily presentable to the user. The system is used to apply the technique and also work in between the user and the document to efficient retrieval the relevant document.Moreover, the labour of information retrieval and presentation must be done in a scalable port to serve the hundreds of millions of user queries that are issued every day to a popular web search engines (Tomlin, 2003). In addressing the problem of Information Retrieval (IR) on the web, there are a number of challenges researchers are involved. Some of these challenges are dealt with and identified additional problems that may motivate future work in the IR research community. It also describes some work in these areas that has been conducted at various search engines. It begins by briefly outlining some of the issues or factors that arise in web information retrieval. The people/ user relates to the system directly for the Information retrieval as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.1 IR System Components.They are easy to compare orbital cavitys with well-defined semantics to queries in order to find matches. For example the Records are easy to find-for example, bank database query. The semantics of the keywords also plays an important role, which is, send through the interface. System includes the interface of search engine servers, the databases and the indexing mechanism, which include the stemming techniques. The User defines the search strategy and also gives the requirement for searching .The documents available in network apply subject indexing, ranking and clustering (Herbach, 2001).The relevant matches are easily found. There are three major components such as data, user and system. These three components are inter necktieed with each other with two-way relationship. The system is a computer system and the software application loaded. The interfaces of search engine servers, the databases and the indexing mechanism, which include the stemming techniques etc, are associated in the system and its linked components. Similarly, user defines the search strategy (Herbach, 2001) and also gives the requirement for searching .The documents available in www apply subject indexing, ranking and clustering (Kleinberg,1999). The relevant matches easily found by comparison with empyrean values of records. The involvement of relevance feedback technique can also be incorporated for efficient searching. And the data are a simple as documents in different formats use database, it terms of maintenance and retrieval of records but for the unstructured documents, it is difficult where we use text. Search engine developments are based primarily on the indexing range, which is assisted by www users in performing information retrieval task. The evaluation of efficient and intelligent studies have considered and an impact can be seen on system features (Kunchukuttan,2006), in particular those with which the user interacts for search assistance. The information retrieval system evaluation the complex environment, which measures of the utility and the usability of the search results of the system are required from a user perspective layout. The proposed model for a user-centered evaluation is based on a conceptual framework in which user-satisfaction is characterized on the variable dependent on system features and system functions. It will be simple for the database it terms of maintenance and retrieval of records but for the unstructured documents it is difficult where we use text.The same criteria for searching will give better matches and also better results. The different dimensions of IR have become vast because of different media, different types of search applications, and different tasks, which is not only a text, but also a web search as a central. The IR approaches to search and evaluation are appropriate in all media is an emerging issues of IR. The information retrieval is involved in the following tasks and sub tasks 1) Ad-hoc search involve with the process where it generalizes the criteria and searches for all the records, which finds all the relevant documents for an arbitrary text query 2) Filtering is an important process where the users identify the relevant user profiles for a new document. The user profile is maintained wh ere the user can be identified with a profile and accordingly the relevant documents are categorized and displayed 3) Classification is involved with respect to the identification and lies in the relevant list of the classification. This works in identifying the relevant labels for documents 4) Question tell Technique involves for the better judgment of the classification with the relevant questions automatically frames to generate the focus of the individuals. The tasks are draw in the Figure 2.Figure 1.2 Proposed Model of Search Engine.The field of IR deals with the relevance, evaluation and interacts with the user to provide them according to their needs/query. IR involves in the effective ranking and testing. Also it measures of the data available for the retrieval. The relevant document contains the information that a person was looking for when they submitted a query to the search engine. There are many factors influence a persons to take the decision about the relevancy tha t may be task, context, novelty, and style. The local relevance (same topic) and user relevance (everything else) are the dimensions, which help in the IR modeling. The retrieval models define a view of relevance. The user provides information that the system can use to modify its next search or next display. The relevance feedback is as to how much system understands the user in terms of what is the need, and also to know about the concept and terms related to the information needs.The retrieval uses the different techniques such as the web pages contains links to other pages and by analyzing this web graph structure it is possible to determine a more global notion of page quality. The remarkable successes in this area include the Page Rank algorithm (Tomlin, 2003), which globally analyzes the entire web graph and provided the original basis for ranking in the various search engines, and Kleinbergs hyperlink algorithm (Herbach, 2001, Kleinberg,1999), which analyzes a local neighbo rhood of the web graph containing an initial set of web pages matching the users query. Since that time, several other linked-based methods for ranking web pages have been proposed including variants of both PageRank and HITS (Kleinberg, 1999, Joachims, 2003), and this remains an active research area in which there is still much fertile research ground to be explored.This may touch to the recent work on Hub and researchers from where it identifies in the form of equilibrium for WWW sources on a common theme/topic in which we explicitly build into the model by taking care of the miscellany of roles between the different types of pages (Herbach,2001) .Some pages are the prominent sources of primary data/content and are considered to be the political science on the topic other pages, equally essential to the structure, accumulate high-quality guides and resource lists that act as focused hubs, directing users to suggested authorities. The nature of the linkage in this framework is hi ghly asymmetric. Hubs link heavily to authorities, and they may have very few incoming links linked to them, and the authorities are not link to other authorities. This is completely a suggested model (Herbach,2001), is completely natural relatively anonymous individuals are creating many good hubs on the Web. A formal type of equilibrium pursuant(predicate) model can be defined only by assigning the tips to the two numbers called as a hub weight and an dominance weight .The weights to each page are assigned in such a way that a pages authority weight is proportional to the sum of the hub weights of pages that link to it to maintain the balance and a pages hub weight is proportional to the sum of the authority weights of pages that it links to.The adversarial Classification (Sahami et al.,1998) may be dealing with Spam on the Web. One specially interesting problem in web IR arises from the attempt by some commercial interests to besides heighten the ranking of their web pages b y engaging in various forms of spamming (Joachims, 2003). The SPAM methods can be effective against traditional IR ranking schemes that do not make use of link structure, but have more limited utility in the context of global link analysis. Realizing this, spammers now also utilize link spam where they will create large numbers of web pages that contain links to other pages whose rankings they wish to rise. The interesting technique applied will continually to the automatic filters. The spam filtering in email is very popular. This technique with concurrently involved the applying the indexes the documents.The current study will propose a hybrid semantic model where is a combination algorithm and the application used for the efficient and intelligent retrieval model. This will involve the different practices for the retrieval the system will be playing an important role. Further the tri-sectional considering system, document and user are identified by applying the Analytical Hierarc hal process (AHP) model. This study will help to you carry out the algorithm, application and the models associated with them with respect to these components.1.5. Organization of the thesisThe thesis is unionised into seven chapters including the present chapter which introduced IR problem, presented a brief review of the work done in the field and provided an overview of our work. An outline of the remaining chapters follows. The intelligent and efficient Information Retrieval needs to explain the data organization, the user prospects and also the user interface system study and its importance. The different tests for the present theoretical investigations are account in the thesis, have been organized as followsThe understanding of the theoretical analysis of proposed methods to explain the various intelligent and efficient structural algorithm and application based approach the techniques have been discussed in further incidental chapters. Also, it is adequate to take a real scenario that the interaction mechanism between the layers of user and data are important to define the model with their properties. Briefly the remarkable success achieved from the present models has been given below.The understanding of basic parameters for efficient and intelligent retrieval needs the formulation of an effective and intelligent retrieval and this is outlined in Chapter II. To make information retrieval study successful, there is the need to prioritize their efforts in terms of user, system and data centric aspects, because of the range interactions they are effective up to the second-hierarchy. The forces occur between the layer itself and also by joining to the upper/lower layer within the system. A straightforward extension is possible since these systems are open-ended and allow data and user to join them with internal requirements and for a complete collection of document/data etc.The effective parameters as relevancy, ranking and layout have been incorporate d in the writ of execution of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for analysis. In order to make the proposed work more revealing, the applicability of these parameters has been explored for the further focus on the proposed model to describe the interaction and interrelation between the data and user as presented in Chapter II.The research study provides a theoretical background of IR techniques, which helps in conniving the retrieval model. The detailed study will be defined on the basic concept in establishing the relationship between the system and data primarily. There are different techniques that are based on this relationship/link to define the efficient data retrieval, which has been investigated, and results presented in Chapter III. The later part of this chapter explores Intelligent Data processing and analysis with respect to the intelligent data retrieval by using different techniques used for designing the retrieval model.The detailed study will define the basic c oncept in establishing the relationship between the system, user and data primarily. There are different techniques that are based on this relationship/link to define the intelligent data retrieval. This is very much dependent on the semantics of the individual layer as per user interest or taste. The links between the two objects is to change the strength of the object. The objects are powerful, based on incoming and outgoing link i.e. the popularity of the object. Based on strength, this object can be considered as highest ranked object and also relevant one. Effective interrelation is successful in explaining popularity of object with consistent behavior.Semantics annotation framework helps in intelligent retrieval by using natural semantics. The Vector piazza Model and Latent Semantic Indexing techniques are theoretically analyzed in Chapter IV. The research used an effective inte